MINEX Forum

Tag: rare earths

  • Putin Orders Roadmap for Russia’s Rare-Earth Extraction as Global Competition Intensifies

    Putin Orders Roadmap for Russia’s Rare-Earth Extraction as Global Competition Intensifies

    Russian President Vladimir Putin has instructed his cabinet to develop a national roadmap for rare-earth mineral extraction by December 1, as global competition for critical raw materials intensifies and countries seek to reduce dependence on China’s near-monopoly in the sector.

    The directive, published Tuesday on the Kremlin’s website, also calls for the expansion of transport and logistics infrastructure at Russia’s borders with China and North Korea, including multimodal hubs and new railway links.

    Rare-earth elements—vital for smartphones, electric vehicles, wind turbines, and advanced weapons systems—have become a major point of strategic rivalry between the world’s largest economies.

    In April, U.S. President Donald Trump and Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy signed an agreement granting the United States preferential access to Ukraine’s mineral resources and supporting U.S. investment in reconstruction projects. Moscow has since said it is also open to cooperation with the U.S. on rare-earth projects, though political and diplomatic tensions stemming from Russia’s ongoing war in Ukraine have stalled progress.

    Earlier this year, Kirill Dmitriev, Putin’s investment envoy, said U.S. firms had shown interest in Russian rare-earth ventures, but talks remain at an exploratory stage.

    Meanwhile, China, which dominates the global rare-earth supply chain, has tightened export controls in retaliation against Western tariffs, pushing Washington and its allies to accelerate domestic and alternative sources of supply.

    Putin’s order stems from discussions at the Far Eastern Economic Forum in Vladivostok in September, where he emphasized the strategic importance of developing Russia’s Far East as a resource and transport hub connecting Asia and Europe.

    According to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Russia’s known rare-earth reserves total about 3.8 million tonnes, though Moscow claims much higher figures. The Russian Natural Resources Ministry estimates 28.7 million tonnes of reserves across 15 different rare-earth metals as of January 2023. Even by Moscow’s count, however, Russia’s share remains relatively small compared to China’s dominant position.

    Putin also ordered the construction of new multimodal transport and logistics centers along the country’s borders with China and North Korea, including upgrades to two existing railway bridges and the completion of a new bridge to North Korea by 2026.

    Both China and North Korea have deepened economic cooperation with Russia amid Western sanctions, making regional integration and resource development key components of Moscow’s broader pivot to Asia strategy.

  • Critical Metals Secures Key Environmental Approvals for Tanbreez Rare Earth Project in Greenland

    Critical Metals Secures Key Environmental Approvals for Tanbreez Rare Earth Project in Greenland

    U.S.-based Critical Metals Corp. (Nasdaq: CRML) has received key environmental approvals for its Tanbreez rare earth project in southern Greenland, marking a major step toward the start of mining operations at one of the world’s largest rare earth deposits.

    The company announced on Tuesday that the Environment Agency for Mineral Resource Activities (EAMRA) has approved the geochemical test work and mine closure plan for the Hill area of the project. The reports, submitted in late September, were prepared by Danish engineering firm NIRAS, a leading environmental consultancy in the Nordic region.

    “The fast approval of these test reports, which can be credited to Greenland authorities as well as the professional work by NIRAS, is a key milestone for Critical Metals Corp towards commencing the mining process at Tanbreez,” said Tony Sage, CEO and Executive Chairman of Critical Metals.

    According to the company, only a few approvals remain — including the final parts of the mine and closure plan and plans for specific activities at the site.

    Following the announcement, Critical Metals’ shares rose nearly 3% to $11.26, giving the company a market capitalization of approximately $1.33 billion.

    A World-Class Rare Earth Deposit

    The Tanbreez project is among the largest rare earth deposits globally, with an estimated 45 million tonnes of resources spread across two main zones — Hill and Fjord. Roughly one-third of this total comprises heavy rare earth elements (HREEs), critical for clean energy technologies, advanced electronics, and defense applications. This makes Tanbreez the largest known heavy rare earth deposit worldwide.

    A preliminary economic assessment (PEA) released earlier this year estimated the project’s net present value (NPV) at $2.8–3.6 billion (depending on discount rates of 15% or 12.5%) and an internal rate of return (IRR) of 180%. The company plans an initial production phase of around 85,000 tonnes of rare earth oxides per year, scaling up to 425,000 tonnes annually following modular expansion.

    The orebody spans an area of 8 km by 5 km, but represents just 1% of the larger 4.7-billion-tonne host rock, suggesting strong potential for future expansion. Exploration work is ongoing at both deposit zones to support a forthcoming bankable feasibility study.

  • Kazakhstan Development Bank Launches $1 Billion Program to Finance Rare and Critical Minerals Projects

    Kazakhstan Development Bank Launches $1 Billion Program to Finance Rare and Critical Minerals Projects

    The Development Bank of Kazakhstan (DBK), a subsidiary of the national holding Baiterek, has announced a new $1 billion financing program to support projects in the extraction and processing of rare, rare earth, and critical materials for the period 2025–2030.

    The initiative is designed to become a key financial instrument for advancing high-tech industries in the country’s mining and metallurgical sector, in line with the strategic course set by Kazakhstan’s President to boost domestic value-added production.

    The program aims to support medium and large enterprises implementing investment projects in sectors deemed strategically important to Kazakhstan’s economy.

    Among its main features are a minimum loan threshold of 5 billion tenge (in any currency — dollars, euros, yuan, etc.), loan terms of up to 20 years, the abolition of financing arrangement and modification fees, and the inclusion of grace periods for borrowers.

    DBK emphasized that the program’s relevance stems from the strategic role of rare and critical materials in diversifying Kazakhstan’s industrial base and integrating the nation into global value and trade chains. It also contributes to the objectives of the Comprehensive Development Plan for the Rare and Rare Earth Metals Industry (2024–2028).

    “The launch of this program reflects the Bank’s strategic focus on supporting new growth drivers in the economy,” said Marat Yelibayev, Chairman of the Management Board of the Development Bank of Kazakhstan. “We are creating conditions for Kazakhstan to become a producer of high value-added products. This will help build new technological chains, enhance the competitiveness of domestic industry, and strengthen the country’s position in the global critical materials market.”

    Financing will target projects within the metallurgical industry, including mining and metallurgical complexes with processing capacity. Borrowers must confirm mineral reserves under the JORC international code. Eligible materials include rare earth elements (lanthanides, scandium, yttrium) and critical materials such as lithium, cobalt, tungsten, germanium, gallium, and graphite, all essential for high-tech industries, green energy, and electronics.

    The program is expected to stimulate technological and industrial development, expand DBK’s portfolio of long-term projects in high-tech sectors, and enhance the sustainability of financial flows. For Kazakhstan’s economy, it promises to create new jobs, increase exports of value-added products, promote domestic raw material processing, and consolidate the country’s role as a reliable global supplier of rare and critical materials.

  • EU Sounds Alarm Over China’s Rare Earth Export Controls, Prepares New ReSourceEU Plan

    EU Sounds Alarm Over China’s Rare Earth Export Controls, Prepares New ReSourceEU Plan

    Brussels and Washington have been put on high alert following China’s announcement of new restrictions on rare earth exports and related technologies — a move that threatens to disrupt the global supply of critical raw materials essential for clean energy and advanced industries. Although a recent tariff deal between Donald Trump and Xi Jinping reportedly delayed the implementation of those restrictions by a year, European leaders are bracing for potential economic shockwaves.

    Speaking at the Berlin Global Dialogue on October 25, European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen warned that the EU “is ready to use all of the instruments in our toolbox to respond if needed.” The Commission’s immediate priority remains finding “solutions with our Chinese counterparts,” she said, but von der Leyen made clear that Brussels will not hesitate to take coercive countermeasures if Europe’s industrial security is threatened.

    Von der Leyen compared Beijing’s export restrictions to Moscow’s former energy leverage, describing China’s dominance in rare earth supply chains as a “significant risk” and a “threat to the stability of global industries.” More than 90% of Europe’s consumption of rare earth magnets — critical for sectors from automotive and defense to AI and aerospace — comes from China.

    To defend against possible coercion, the EU may invoke its so-called anti-coercion instrument, dubbed the European “bazooka,” which came into force in December 2023 but has yet to be used. The mechanism would allow Brussels to impose retaliatory tariffs, restrict trade in services and intellectual property, and limit access to European investment and procurement markets in response to deliberate economic pressure from foreign powers.

    At the same time, the European Commission is finalizing a new initiative — ReSourceEU — modeled on the 2022 RePowerEU energy plan. Its goal is to secure stable access to critical raw materials in the short, medium, and long term by boosting recycling, promoting collective purchasing, creating strategic reserves, and developing new partnerships with resource-rich countries including Ukraine, Australia, Canada, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Chile, and Greenland.

    Just a day earlier, the EU signed an enhanced partnership agreement with Uzbekistan, expanding cooperation on resource security and trade.

    Meanwhile, European Council President Antonio Costa raised the issue directly with Chinese Premier Li Qiang during a bilateral meeting at the ASEAN summit in Kuala Lumpur. Costa stressed “the importance of constructive and stable relations with China” while expressing “strong concern” over Beijing’s export controls. He urged China to “restore smooth, reliable, and predictable supply chains as soon as possible.”

    The escalating tensions underscore Europe’s growing vulnerability in the global competition for raw materials — and the delicate balancing act Brussels must perform between economic pragmatism and strategic autonomy.

  • Kiruna’s Shifting Ground: Swedish Mining Town Faces Painful Trade-Off in Europe’s Raw Materials Push

    Kiruna’s Shifting Ground: Swedish Mining Town Faces Painful Trade-Off in Europe’s Raw Materials Push

    In the far north of Sweden, the residents of Kiruna are once again being forced to pack up and move — this time, for the second or even third time. Tanja Mattila and her husband had just spent about $300,000 on a new home when a letter arrived from LKAB, Sweden’s state-owned mining company, informing them that their neighborhood would soon become unsafe due to ground movement from the expanding iron ore mine.

    “It was a shock,” said Mattila, a 54-year-old language teacher. “We planned to stay here until we retire.” She and thousands of others are caught in the tension between local life and Europe’s growing appetite for raw materials deemed essential to the green transition.

    Kiruna, which produces nearly 80% of Europe’s iron ore, is also home to one of the continent’s largest deposits of rare earth minerals — metals vital for electric vehicles, wind turbines, and smartphones. As the EU pushes to secure domestic supplies of critical resources and reduce reliance on China, the mining boom in Kiruna is accelerating. But so are the social costs.

    LKAB, seeking to boost production by 50% over the next decade, says its operations are vital for Europe’s energy independence. “If you want self-reliance, you need to mine,” EU Industry Commissioner Stéphane Séjourné said during a recent visit. Yet, for Kiruna’s 23,000 residents, that strategy means homes, schools, and shops are being demolished and rebuilt miles away from the original town center.

    Earlier this year, the relocation of Kiruna’s iconic wooden church — a nationally treasured monument — was broadcast live, hailed as a feat of engineering and cultural preservation. But only days later, residents learned that 6,000 more people would have to move. Local officials, blindsided by the announcement, described the mood as one of mourning.

    For some business owners, the uncertainty is overwhelming. Grocery store owner Fredrik Spett noticed his shop floor rising as the ground shifted beneath it. Across the road, hotelier Jan Grönberg is unsure whether he’ll receive enough compensation to rebuild. “It’s hard to find the motivation,” he said.

    LKAB insists that no one will be left behind and that all residents will be compensated. Still, critics argue that the company and government failed to adequately communicate the scale of the project or involve locals in planning. “It’s a matter of survival for Kiruna,” said Energy and Enterprise Minister Ebba Busch, “but also a matter of sovereignty for Sweden and Europe.”

    The town’s social democrat official, Mats Taaveniku, gestures at a model in the new town hall where a red ribbon marks the previous demolition line. The new one, he says, should be black — “for mourning.”

    While Kiruna symbolizes Europe’s push for “strategic autonomy” in critical minerals, it also raises difficult questions about who pays the price for the continent’s green transition. As excavators tear down the Ferrum Hotel and graffiti nearby asks, “Is this what happens to a town no one cares about?”, residents can’t help but wonder if Europe’s sovereignty is worth their sacrifice.

  • EU to Establish Critical Raw Materials Center for Joint Purchasing and Stockpiling Amid Rising Supply Risks

    EU to Establish Critical Raw Materials Center for Joint Purchasing and Stockpiling Amid Rising Supply Risks

    The European Union will set up a Critical Raw Materials Center to coordinate the joint purchasing and stockpiling of key minerals vital to industries such as defense, automotive manufacturing, and clean energy, under a new 2026 work plan unveiled by the European Commission on Tuesday.

    The initiative, described as part of Europe’s quest for “industrial sovereignty,” seeks to safeguard supplies of critical minerals and metals amid intensifying global competition and geopolitical uncertainty.

    “Our regional and global order is being redrawn. And Europe must fight for its place in a world where some major powers are either ambivalent or hostile to us,” said European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen in an address to the European Parliament.

    The planned Critical Raw Materials Center will monitor market flows, coordinate collective EU purchases, and maintain strategic reserves of essential resources — including rare earths, lithium, cobalt, and nickel — ensuring supply stability for strategic industries.

    The plan follows China’s announcement earlier this month of expanded export controls on rare-earth magnets and raw materials, citing national security concerns. Those restrictions have triggered alarm across global supply chains and prompted urgent discussions between EU trade chief Maroš Šefčovič and his Chinese counterpart to seek a path forward.

    The move also builds on the EU’s 2023 Critical Raw Materials Act, which laid the foundation for diversifying mineral imports away from China and expanding domestic extraction, refining, and recycling capacity.

    Von der Leyen said the bloc must ensure autonomy not only in raw materials but also in “critical technologies that will shape the economy of tomorrow”, citing batteries, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and advanced materials.

    As part of the broader 2026 European Work Plan, the Commission outlined six strategic pillars:

    Sustainable prosperity and competitiveness

    Defense and security

    Social model and innovation

    Quality of life

    Democracy and rule of law

    Global engagement

    Other measures include a new “European Product Act”, updates to public procurement rules, taxation and energy deregulation, and a European anti-corruption initiative. A new action plan against cyberbullying will also be introduced.

    In parallel, the EU announced plans to withdraw 25 stalled legislative proposals in 2026 to reduce bureaucratic burdens and respond to business pressure for faster, more flexible regulatory frameworks.

    Context: China’s Dominance and Europe’s Strategic Response
    China currently controls the majority of global refining capacity for rare earths and other critical minerals. The new export restrictions — and the risk of further escalation — have pushed Europe to accelerate diversification efforts through partnerships with countries such as Kazakhstan, Canada, and Australia.

    By pooling resources and centralizing strategic oversight, Brussels hopes to shield European industries from supply shocks while strengthening its negotiating position in a more fragmented global economy.

  • U.S.–China Trade Escalation Puts Spotlight on Kazakhstan’s Rare Earth Potential

    U.S.–China Trade Escalation Puts Spotlight on Kazakhstan’s Rare Earth Potential

    Global markets endured one of their most volatile days since the early stages of the U.S.–China trade war, after China expanded export controls on rare earth elements and U.S. President Donald J. Trump announced sweeping new tariffs and export restrictions in response.

    In a series of social media posts, Trump first suggested there was “no reason” to meet Chinese President Xi Jinping at the upcoming APEC Summit, before declaring that China would impose “large-scale export controls” on nearly all its products starting November 1. The White House later confirmed that the U.S. would respond with 100% tariffs on Chinese imports and new export restrictions on critical software “on or before November 1.”

    The escalation has injected new urgency into the global scramble for rare-earth supply chains, pushing attention beyond East Asia to Central Asia, particularly Kazakhstan — one of the few countries outside China with verified rare-earth reserves and a functioning mining sector.

    Kazakhstan’s Rising Role in Supply Diversification
    Kazakhstan’s mineral wealth is rooted in Soviet-era geological mapping, with modern surveys confirming vast deposits of neodymium, praseodymium, dysprosium, terbium, and samarium — all essential for electric vehicles, wind turbines, and advanced defense systems. The Zhana Kazakhstan deposit in the Karagandy region could become one of the largest rare-earth reserves globally, pending validation of resource estimates.

    According to U.S. defense classifications, these are “critical defense materials.” Both the Pentagon and the Defense Logistics Agency have begun building stockpiles and identifying non-Chinese refining partners, but the challenge lies not in geology — Kazakhstan’s resources are proven — but in processing and commercialization.

    Existing facilities such as the Stepnogorsk Chemical Plant and Ulba Metallurgical Plant could be adapted for rare-earth processing, while the SARECO joint venture has already demonstrated the recovery of magnet-critical elements from uranium residues. The Kuirektykol deposit, rich in neodymium and dysprosium, further strengthens Kazakhstan’s feedstock base. However, infrastructure remains tailored to uranium and base metals, not the precise requirements of rare-earth refining.

    Legal Reforms and Foreign Partnerships
    Kazakhstan’s Unified Code on Subsoil Use (2018) has made the country more attractive to Western investors by clarifying ownership and capital entry rules. Since then, over $40 billion in new foreign mining investment has entered the sector. European and Japanese firms are now exploring partnerships in refining, metallurgy, and supply-chain development.

    The government’s focus is shifting from raw extraction toward value-added production, aligning with global efforts to reduce dependence on Chinese processing. Still, sustained investment will depend on policy consistency, financing mechanisms, and export infrastructure.

    Strategic Context: Central Asia’s Balancing Act
    Kazakhstan’s push to develop its rare-earth potential reflects a regional strategy to manage interdependence with China while courting Western partnerships. While China remains a dominant trading partner, Kazakhstan’s access to the Caspian Sea and international capital markets gives it greater flexibility than most of its neighbors.

    Recent trade volatility and increased Chinese port fees have added pressure to diversify trade routes, not by abandoning China, but by building redundant corridors and risk-mitigated financing.

    The United States, meanwhile, views Kazakhstan not as a substitute for China but as a strategic component in a diversified supply network. The U.S. International Development Finance Corporation (DFC) is assessing refining feasibility studies under strict governance and environmental standards.

    At the C5+1 meeting in Dushanbe on September 4, U.S. and Central Asian officials discussed rare-earth cooperation as part of broader economic diversification efforts — signaling a shift from diplomatic rhetoric to working-level engagement.

    Outlook
    As export controls and tariffs deepen supply chain instability, Kazakhstan is emerging as a key analytical focus for policymakers and investors seeking long-term alternatives. Its rare-earth deposits and industrial base give it potential leverage in the global realignment of strategic materials — but realizing that potential will depend on its ability to scale processing, secure investment, and build reliable transport routes.

    Rather than serving as a replacement for China, Kazakhstan illustrates how mid-sized economies are positioning themselves as essential nodes in a fragmented, multipolar supply chain system.

  • Pensana Scraps £250m Rare Earth Refinery in Hull, Shifts Operations to the US

    Pensana Scraps £250m Rare Earth Refinery in Hull, Shifts Operations to the US

    Britain’s ambitions to become a critical minerals powerhouse have suffered a major setback after Pensana Plc abandoned its £250 million rare earth refinery project near Hull, opting instead to relocate operations to the United States, Sky News reported.

    The proposed refinery at Saltend Chemicals Park was intended to process rare earth elements for use in electric vehicle motors and wind turbine magnets, creating 126 jobs and serving as the centerpiece of the UK’s 2022 Critical Minerals Strategy. The project had been promised millions in government funding — funding that was never disbursed as construction failed to begin.

    Pensana’s chairman, Paul Atherley, said the move was driven by the Trump administration’s decision to guarantee purchases of rare earths from the US Mountain Pass mine at fixed prices — a level of state support he said Europe and the UK have failed to match.

    “That’s repriced the market — and Washington is looking to do more of these deals, moving at an absolute rate of knots,” Atherley said. “Europe and the UK have been talking about critical minerals for ages. But when the Americans do it, they go big and hard, and make it happen. We don’t; we mostly just talk about it.”

    The decision comes amid heightened geopolitical tensions and growing global competition for rare earth supply chains, as China — which produces about 90% of the world’s refined rare earth metals — tightens export restrictions. The announcement follows Beijing’s latest export curbs, which prompted President Donald Trump to threaten 100% tariffs on Chinese goods.

    The Hull refinery was once touted as a flagship project for the UK’s green industrial transition. During the project’s 2022 groundbreaking, then–Business Secretary Kwasi Kwarteng described it as “the only facility of its kind in Europe,” promising it would “secure Britain’s supply resilience.”

    However, Atherley said rare earth processing remains too complex, energy-intensive, and costly to be commercially viable in the UK, citing record-high industrial energy prices as a key obstacle.

    Pensana continues to pursue lithium refining plans in Teesside through its related venture Tees Valley Lithium, which Atherley described as more feasible given current economics.

    The move deals another blow to Britain’s chemicals and materials sector, already struggling with high energy costs and recent shutdowns, including the closure of Vivergo, a biofuels refinery located in the same industrial park.

    A Department for Business and Trade spokesperson called the decision “disappointing” but acknowledged it was a commercial matter for Pensana.

    “We will publish a new Critical Minerals Strategy soon to help secure our supply chains for the long term, and we’re reducing industrial electricity costs as part of our modern Industrial Strategy,” the department said.

  • Tajikistan Targets Role in Global Rare Earth Supply Chain, Eyes Lithium and Antimony Production Expansion

    Tajikistan Targets Role in Global Rare Earth Supply Chain, Eyes Lithium and Antimony Production Expansion

    Tajikistan holds deposits of 10 out of 12 metals critical for the global energy transition, with six already being mined, Minister of Industry and New Technologies Sherali Kabir said at the Dushanbe 2025 International Investment Forum, according to Asia-Plus.

    Kabir outlined the government’s vision for Tajikistan to become an active player in the global rare earth supply chain, emphasizing that the country was once a hub for rare earth production within the former Soviet Union. Of the three rare earth processing plants that existed in the USSR, two were located in Tajikistan and one in Russia.

    Authorities are now in talks with international partners to modernize these facilities, with Kabir noting that the government expects “very good results” from these negotiations in the near future.

    Tajikistan is also doubling down on antimony, one of its most abundant resources. The country ranks second globally in terms of antimony reserves. Four new processing plants are in the pipeline, at various stages ranging from feasibility studies to construction.

    The minister also highlighted the growing copper industry, confirming that domestic production has already begun and that the government plans to significantly expand output by attracting foreign investment.

    Kabir further revealed that Tajikistan has large deposits of nickel and lithium ores, adding that the country’s ambition is to become the first among CIS nations to launch lithium production — a crucial material for batteries and clean energy technologies.

  • EU Seeks G7 Coordination to Counter China’s Expanded Rare Earth Export Controls

    EU Seeks G7 Coordination to Counter China’s Expanded Rare Earth Export Controls

    The European Union is working with the United States and other G7 partners to coordinate a response to China’s expanded export controls on rare earth minerals, senior EU trade officials said on Tuesday.

    Beijing, which dominates global production and refining of rare earths, tightened restrictions last week, adding more elements and refining technologies to its control list, along with new scrutiny for semiconductor-related exports. The move comes ahead of planned talks between Presidents Donald Trump and Xi Jinping, raising fresh concerns about supply security for key Western industries.

    European Trade Commissioner Maros Sefcovic described China’s measures as “unjustified” and said EU ministers gathered in Denmark had identified the issue as a “critical concern.”

    Previous Chinese export restrictions earlier this year caused widespread supply shortages, particularly for automakers, before temporary relief came through emergency supply agreements between Europe and the US.

    Sefcovic confirmed that G7 finance ministers are expected to discuss coordinated options on Wednesday.

    “We brainstormed yesterday that it would be advisable after this first discussion to have a G7 video call pretty soon,” he said, adding that he had already spoken with US Commerce Secretary Howard Lutnick on the issue.

    Sefcovic is also scheduled to hold talks with his Chinese counterpart early next week.

    Danish Foreign Minister Lars Rasmussen emphasized the need for a united and firm EU response, calling for solidarity with Washington.

    “We must be tough but realistic. This is an area of common interest with our friends in the US. If we stand together, we can better pressure China to act fairly,” Rasmussen said.

    While Trump’s response included a threat of 100% tariffs on Chinese imports, triggering a brief Wall Street sell-off, Rasmussen cautioned against escalation, advocating instead for “frank and open discussions” with Beijing.

    Sefcovic added that coordination among G7 nations could include joint efforts to diversify supply chains, accelerating critical mineral extraction and processing projects outside China.

    “Of course these projects take time,” he said, “but with this signal from China, it’s clear we must focus on speeding them up as much as possible.”