Kazakhstan, a key ally of Russia and responsible for 43% of global uranium production in 2022, is embarking on a significant step towards nuclear power generation. Possessing 12% of the world’s uranium resources and previously operating a now-decommissioned Russian-built reactor, the nation is now actively pursuing its first nuclear power plant (NPP). This development, as reported by the World Nuclear Association, signals a potential shift in the global nuclear landscape.
Currently, Kazakhstan focuses on producing nuclear fuel pellets, adding value to its uranium output. A new fuel fabrication plant, with 49% Chinese investment, is also under construction. In 2023, uranium production reached 21,112 tonnes, with projections of 21,000-22,500 tonnes for 2024. Kazatomprom, the national atomic company, manages 13 uranium mining projects, some in joint ventures with foreign entities.
President Kassym-Jumart Tokayev recently emphasised the urgent need for the NPP, citing growing energy shortages and the country’s development goals. He instructed the government to create long-term plans for the nuclear industry and identify suitable locations for future plants, prioritising modern, safe technologies. The Almaty region is likely to host the first NPP, according to Kazakh news outlet Vlast.kz, quoting Prime Minister Olzhas Bektenov. President Tokayev reiterated the commitment to carbon neutrality, but with a more “rational” approach.
The government aims for complete energy self-sufficiency and reserves of 15-20%, targeting an additional three gigawatts of energy capacity within two years. Strengthening the Western Zone’s electrical networks by 2027 is also planned.
While Kazakhstan has considered nuclear power for decades, the legacy of Chernobyl and the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site has bred public scepticism. Concerns about nuclear safety, corruption, and dependence on foreign infrastructure remain. A recent referendum, however, reportedly saw 70% of voters support the construction of NPPs.
Choosing a reactor vendor presents a geopolitical challenge. Russia, France, China, and South Korea are all potential suppliers, and balancing technical and commercial factors with international relations will be complex. Financing and localising the projects are also critical. Some fear Russian influence via Rosatom, but Kazakhstan’s growing capabilities, including fuel assembly production with French technology and Chinese investment, offer more options. Carnegie Politika suggests that Kazakhstan’s sovereign wealth fund and increasing availability of foreign loans can address financial needs.
This move could mark the beginning of Kazakhstan’s nuclear era. While nuclear energy for civilian use is accepted in theory, its potential for dual use raises concerns. Kazakhstan’s development will make it the first Central Asian nation with a nuclear power programme, impacting the entire region. With both China and Russia having vested interests in Central Asia, particularly Kazakhstan, it is vital that this resource-rich region, seen as a bridge between East and West, does not become a stage for superpower rivalry.
Prof. KN Pandita (Padma Shri) is the former director of the Center of Central Asian Studies at Kashmir University. This article reflects the author’s personal views and not necessarily those of EurAsian Times. He can be contacted at knp627 (at) gmail.com.
