RMIT has led a global team of researchers and industry partners in the development of a new recyclable ‘water battery’ that is expected to be much safer than lithium-ion batteries.
Lithium-ion energy storage dominates the market due to its technological maturity, but its suitability for large-scale grid energy storage is limited by safety concerns with the volatile materials inside.
Professor at RMIT’s School of Science and lead researcher, Tianyi Ma, said that their batteries were at the cutting edge of an emerging field of aqueous energy storage devices, with breakthroughs that significantly improve the technology’s performance and lifespan.
“What we design and manufacture are called aqueous metal-ion batteries – or we can call them water batteries,” said Prof Ma.
The team uses water to replace organic electrolytes – which enable the flow of electric current between the positive and negative terminals – meaning their batteries can’t start a fire or blow up, unlike their lithium-ion counterparts.
“Addressing end-of-life disposal challenges that consumers, industry and governments globally face with current energy storage technology, our batteries can be safely disassembled and the materials can be reused or recycled.
“The simplicity of manufacturing processes for the water batteries helped make mass production feasible.
“We use materials such as magnesium and zinc that are abundant in nature, inexpensive and less toxic than alternatives used in other kinds of batteries, which helps to lower manufacturing costs and reduces risks to human health and the environment.”
Energy-storage and life-cycle potential
The team has made a series of small-scale trial batteries for numerous peer-reviewed studies to tackle various technological challenges, including boosting energy storage capacity and the lifespan.
In their latest work, published in Advanced Materials, they’ve triumphed over a major challenge – the growth of disruptive dendrites, which are spiky metallic formations that can lead to short circuits and other serious faults.
The team coated affected battery parts with a metal called bismuth and its oxide (otherwise known as rust) as a protective layer that prevented dendrite formation.
“Our batteries now last significantly longer – comparable to the commercial lithium-ion batteries in the market – making them ideal for high-speed and intensive use in real-world applications.
“With impressive capacity and extended lifespan, we’ve not only advanced battery technology but also successfully integrated our design with solar panels, showcasing efficient and stable renewable energy storage.”
The team’s water battery is closing the gap with lithium-ion technology in terms of energy density, with the aim of using as little space per unit of power as possible.
“We recently made a magnesium-ion water battery that has an energy density of 75 watt-hours per kilogram (Wh/kg) – up to 30 per cent that of the latest Tesla car batteries.”
This research is published in Small Structures.
“The next step is to increase the energy density of our water batteries by developing new nano materials as the electrode materials.”
Prof Ma said that magnesium was likely to be the material of choice for future water batteries.
“Magnesium-ion water batteries have the potential to replace lead-acid batteries in the short term – like one to three years – and to potentially replace lithium-ion batteries in the long term, five to ten years from now.
“Magnesium is lighter than the alternative metals, including zinc and nickel, has a greater potential energy density and will enable batteries with faster charging times and better capability to support power-hungry devices and applications.”
Potential applications
Prof Ma said that the team’s batteries were well suited for large-scale applications, making them ideal for grid storage and renewable energy integration – especially in terms of safety considerations.
“As our technology advances, other kinds of smaller-scale energy storage applications such as powering people’s homes and entertainment devices could become a reality.”
As part of an ARC Linkage project, Prof Ma’s team is continually developing their water batteries in collaboration with industry partner GrapheneX, a tech innovator based in Sydney.
“We also collaborate closely with researchers and experts from renowned universities and research institutions in Australia, the US, the UK, Japan, Singapore, China and elsewhere.
“These collaborations facilitate knowledge exchange and access to cutting-edge facilities. By drawing on this global team’s expertise in different areas, we can tackle the complex challenges involved from various angles.”
